Steven Yukl, MD

Professor

I am a physician-scientist at UCSF and the San Francisco VA. Since 2005, I have been conducting laboratory-based research aimed at understanding the barriers to curing HIV. My laboratory focuses on investigating the mechanisms that allow HIV to establish a latent infection (which is widely regarded as the main barrier to curing HIV) in the blood and tissues. After the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, we also became interested in the transcriptional regulation of SARS-CoV-2, another RNA virus. We are currently investigating how SARS-CoV-2 subgenomic transcription (which is analogous to RNA splicing) allows for variation in the expression of different coronavirus genes over time, and how these SARS-CoV-2 subgenomic RNAs interact with human cells to govern the pathogenesis of COVID-19.
Education
N/A, 06/2008 - Fellowship, Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF)
N/A, 06/2004 - Residency, Internal Medicine and Pediatrics (Med/Peds), Duke University Medical Center
M.D., 06/2000 - Medicine, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor
B.S., 06/1995 - Chemistry, Stanford University
Publications

  1. Tumpach C, Rhodes A, Kim Y, Ong J, Liu H, Chibo D, Druce J, Williamson D, Hoh R, Deeks SG, Yukl SA, Roche M, Lewin SR, Telwatte S. Adaptation of Droplet Digital PCR-Based HIV Transcription Profiling to Digital PCR and Association of HIV Transcription and Total or Intact HIV DNA. 2023. PMID: 37515292


  2. Sanders-Beer BE, Archin NM, Brumme ZL, Busch M, Deleage C, O'Doherty U, Hughes SH, Jerome K, Jones RB, Karn J, Kearney MF, Keele B, Kulpa D, Laird G, Li JZ, Lichterfeld M, Nussenzweig MC, Persaud D, Yukl S, Siliciano RF, Mellors JW. Current HIV/SIV Reservoir Assays for Preclinical and Clinical Applications: Recommendations from the Experts 2022 NIAID Workshop Summary. 2023. PMID: 37126090


  3. Wedrychowski A, Martin HA, Li Y, Telwatte S, Kadiyala GN, Melberg M, Etemad B, Connick E, Jacobson JM, Margolis DM, Skiest D, Volberding P, Hecht F, Deeks S, Wong JK, Li JZ, Yukl SA. Transcriptomic Signatures of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Post-Treatment Control. 2022. PMID: 36541802


  4. L. Perez, L. Reoma, S. Patro, P. Mudvari, B. Luke, B. Smith, S. Yukl, M. Kearney, A. Nath, E. Boritz. OP 1.10 – 00210 Clonal Dynamics within HIV-Infected CD4 T Cell Reservoirs after PD-1 Blockade under ART. 2022. PMID:


  5. Martin HA, Kadiyala GN, Telwatte S, Wedrychowski A, Chen TH, Moron-Lopez S, Arneson D, Hoh R, Deeks S, Wong J, Yukl SA. New Assay Reveals Vast Excess of Defective over Intact HIV-1 Transcripts in Antiretroviral Therapy-Suppressed Individuals. 2022. PMID: 36448806


  7. Lu MD, Telwatte S, Kumar N, Ferreira F, Martin HA, Kadiyala GN, Wedrychowski A, Moron-Lopez S, Chen TH, Goecker EA, Coombs RW, Lu CM, Wong JK, Tsibris A, Yukl SA. Novel assays to investigate the mechanisms of latent infection with HIV-2. 2022. PMID: 35476802


  8. Xie G, Moron-Lopez S, Siegel DA, Yin K, Polos A, Cohen J, Greenblatt RM, Tien PC, Lee SA, Yukl SA, Roan NR. Common and Divergent Features of T Cells from Blood, Gut, and Genital Tract of Antiretroviral Therapy-Treated HIV+ Women. 2022. PMID: 35296537


  9. Einkauf KB, Osborn MR, Gao C, Sun W, Sun X, Lian X, Parsons EM, Gladkov GT, Seiger KW, Blackmer JE, Jiang C, Yukl SA, Rosenberg ES, Yu XG, Lichterfeld M. Parallel analysis of transcription, integration, and sequence of single HIV-1 proviruses. 2022. PMID: 35026153


  10. Wu G, Zuck P, Goh SL, Milush JM, Vohra P, Wong JK, Somsouk M, Yukl SA, Shacklett BL, Chomont N, Haase AT, Hatano H, Schacker TW, Deeks SG, Hazuda DJ, Hunt PW, Howell BJ. Gag p24 is a Marker of HIV Expression in Tissues and Correlates with Immune Response. 2021. PMID: 33693750


  11. Moron-Lopez S, Xie G, Kim P, Siegel DA, Lee S, Wong JK, Price JC, Elnachef N, Greenblatt RM, Tien PC, Roan NR, Yukl SA. Tissue-specific differences in HIV DNA levels and mechanisms that govern HIV transcription in blood, gut, genital tract and liver in ART-treated women. 2021. PMID: 34235864


  12. Telwatte S, Martin HA, Marczak R, Fozouni P, Vallejo-Gracia A, Kumar GR, Murray V, Lee S, Ott M, Wong JK, Yukl SA. Novel RT-ddPCR assays for measuring the levels of subgenomic and genomic SARS-CoV-2 transcripts. 2021. PMID: 33882362


  13. Telwatte S, Kumar N, Vallejo-Gracia A, Kumar GR, Lu CM, Ott M, Wong JK, Yukl SA. Novel RT-ddPCR assays for simultaneous quantification of multiple noncoding and coding regions of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. 2021. PMID: 33667568


  14. Bacchus-Souffan C, Fitch M, Symons J, Abdel-Mohsen M, Reeves DB, Hoh R, Stone M, Hiatt J, Kim P, Chopra A, Ahn H, York VA, Cameron DL, Hecht FM, Martin JN, Yukl SA, Mallal S, Cameron PU, Deeks SG, Schiffer JT, Lewin SR, Hellerstein MK, McCune JM, Hunt PW. Relationship between CD4 T cell turnover, cellular differentiation and HIV persistence during ART. 2021. PMID: 33465157


  15. Telwatte S, Kumar N, Vallejo-Gracia A, Kumar GR, Lu CM, Ott M, Wong JK, Yukl SA. Novel RT-ddPCR Assays for determining the transcriptional profile of SARS-CoV-2. 2021. PMID: 33469579


  16. Yukl SA, Khan S, Chen TH, Trapecar M, Wu F, Xie G, Telwatte S, Fulop D, Pico AR, Laird GM, Ritter KD, Jones NG, Lu CM, Siliciano RF, Roan NR, Milush JM, Somsouk M, Deeks SG, Hunt PW, Sanjabi S. Shared Mechanisms Govern HIV Transcriptional Suppression in Circulating CD103+ and Gut CD4+ T Cells. 2020. PMID: 33115867


  17. Moron-Lopez S, Telwatte S, Sarabia I, Battivelli E, Montano M, Macedo AB, Aran D, Butte AJ, Jones RB, Bosque A, Verdin E, Greene WC, Wong JK, Yukl SA. Human splice factors contribute to latent HIV infection in primary cell models and blood CD4+ T cells from ART-treated individuals. 2020. PMID: 33253324


  18. Telwatte S, Kim P, Chen TH, Milush JM, Somsouk M, Deeks SG, Hunt PW, Wong JK, Yukl SA. Mechanistic differences underlying HIV latency in the gut and blood contribute to differential responses to latency-reversing agents. 2020. PMID: 32910065


  19. Neidleman J, Luo X, Frouard J, Xie G, Hsiao F, Ma T, Morcilla V, Lee A, Telwatte S, Thomas R, Tamaki W, Wheeler B, Hoh R, Somsouk M, Vohra P, Milush J, James KS, Archin NM, Hunt PW, Deeks SG, Yukl SA, Palmer S, Greene WC, Roan NR. Phenotypic analysis of the unstimulated in vivo HIV CD4 T cell reservoir. 2020. PMID: 32990219


  20. Timmons A, Fray E, Kumar M, Wu F, Dai W, Bullen CK, Kim P, Hetzel C, Yang C, Beg S, Lai J, Pomerantz JL, Yukl SA, Siliciano JD, Siliciano RF. HSF1 inhibition attenuates HIV-1 latency reversal mediated by several candidate LRAs In Vitro and Ex Vivo. 2020. PMID: 32571938


  21. Hsiao F, Frouard J, Gramatica A, Xie G, Telwatte S, Lee GQ, Roychoudhury P, Schwarzer R, Luo X, Yukl SA, Lee S, Hoh R, Deeks SG, Jones RB, Cavrois M, Greene WC, Roan NR. Tissue memory CD4+ T cells expressing IL-7 receptor-alpha (CD127) preferentially support latent HIV-1 infection. 2020. PMID: 32353080


  22. Lee SA, Telwatte S, Hatano H, Kashuba ADM, Cottrell ML, Hoh R, Liegler TJ, Stephenson S, Somsouk M, Hunt PW, Deeks SG, Yukl S, Savic RM. Antiretroviral Therapy Concentrations Differ in Gut vs. Lymph Node Tissues and Are Associated With HIV Viral Transcription by a Novel RT-ddPCR Assay. 2020. PMID: 32168200


  23. S. Moron-Lopez, G. Xie, P. Kim, J. Wong, J. Price, N. Elnachef, R. Greenblatt, P. Tien, N. Roan, S. Yukl. OP 7.6 Tissue-specific differences in the mechanisms that govern HIV latency in blood, liver, gut and genital tract in ART-suppressed women. 2019. PMID:


  25. S. Telwatte, M. Montano, R. Resop, E. Battivelli, S. Morón-López, E. Verdin, W. Greene, A. Bosque, J. Wong, S. Yukl. PP 1.3 Single cell analysis reveals molecular signatures of HIV latency in primary cell models. 2019. PMID:


  26. Telwatte S, Morón-López S, Aran D, Kim P, Hsieh C, Joshi S, Montano M, Greene WC, Butte AJ, Wong JK, Yukl SA. Heterogeneity in HIV and cellular transcription profiles in cell line models of latent and productive infection: implications for HIV latency. 2019. PMID: 31711503


  27. S. Telwatte, P. Kim, T.-H. Chen, J. Milush, M. Somsouk, P. Hunt, S. Deeks, J. Wong, S. Yukl. 10 Tissue-specific effects of latency-reversing agents on HIV transcriptional blocks in gut and blood. 2019. PMID:


  28. S. Moron-Lopez, I. Sarabia, E. Battivelli, M. Montano, S. Telwatte, A. Bosque, E. Verdin, W. Greene, J.K. Wong, S.A. Yukl. 12 In-depth transcription profile comparison of multiple primary cell HIV latency models. 2019. PMID:


  29. Jiang G, Maverakis E, Cheng MY, Elsheikh MM, Deleage C, Méndez-Lagares G, Shimoda M, Yukl SA, Hartigan-O'Connor DJ, Thompson GR, Estes JD, Wong JK, Dandekar S. Disruption of latent HIV in vivo during the clearance of actinic keratosis by ingenol mebutate. 2019. PMID: 30944245


  30. Moron-Lopez S, Kim P, SøGaard OS, Tolstrup M, Wong JK, Yukl SA. Characterization of the HIV-1 transcription profile after romidepsin administration in ART-suppressed individuals. 2018. PMID: 30531314


  31. Telwatte S, Lee S, Somsouk M, Hatano H, Baker C, Kaiser P, Kim P, Chen TH, Milush J, Hunt PW, Deeks SG, Wong JK, Yukl SA. Gut and blood differ in constitutive blocks to HIV transcription, suggesting tissue-specific differences in the mechanisms that govern HIV latency. 2018. PMID: 30440043


  32. Yukl SA, Kaiser P, Kim P, Telwatte S, Joshi SK, Vu M, Lampiris H, Wong JK. HIV latency in isolated patient CD4+ T cells may be due to blocks in HIV transcriptional elongation, completion, and splicing. 2018. PMID: 29491188


  33. Jiang G, Nguyen D, Archin NM, Yukl SA, Méndez-Lagares G, Tang Y, Elsheikh MM, Thompson GR, Hartigan-O'Connor DJ, Margolis DM, Wong JK, Dandekar S. HIV latency is reversed by ACSS2-driven histone crotonylation. 2018. PMID: 29457784


  34. Anna Cereseto, Yuntao Wu, Jan Davidson-Moncada, Thomas S. Uldrick, Joel Palefsky, Steven A. Yukl, Joseph K. Wong, Shokouh Makvandi-Nejad, Courtney V. Fletcher, Anthony T. Podany, Andrea Calcagno, C. William Wester, Francoise Brun-Vezinet, Sophie Matheron, Diane Descamps, Sima S. Toussi, Michael Rosenberg, Harjot K. Singh, Marshall J. Glesby, Charles Muiruri, Habib R. Omar, John A. Bartlett, Camille Libre, Julien Batisse, Santiago Guerrero, Roland Marquet, Jean-Christophe Paillart, Mark Spear, Yuntao Wu, Christina Karsten, Stefan Pöhlmann, Laure Papin, Coralie F. Daussy, Jamal Alfaisal, Lucile Espert, Fabien P. Blanchet, Julià Blanco, Martine Biard-Piechaczyk. Acetylation. 2018. PMID:


  35. Steven A. Yukl, Joseph K. Wong. Anatomic Compartments as a Barrier to HIV Cure. 2018. PMID:


  36. S. Telwatte, S. Lee, M. Somsouk, H. Hatano, C. Baker, P. Kim, T.-H. Chen, J. Milush, P. Hunt, S. Deeks, J.K. Wong, S.A. Yukl. OP4.6 Gut and blood differ in mechanisms governing HIV transcription/latency. 2017. PMID:


  37. Henrich TJ, Hatano H, Bacon O, Hogan LE, Rutishauser R, Hill A, Kearney MF, Anderson EM, Buchbinder SP, Cohen SE, Abdel-Mohsen M, Pohlmeyer CW, Fromentin R, Hoh R, Liu AY, McCune JM, Spindler J, Metcalf-Pate K, Hobbs KS, Thanh C, Gibson EA, Kuritzkes DR, Siliciano RF, Price RW, Richman DD, Chomont N, Siliciano JD, Mellors JW, Yukl SA, Blankson JN, Liegler T, Deeks SG. HIV-1 persistence following extremely early initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) during acute HIV-1 infection: An observational study. Volume 14 of Issue 11. 2017. PMID: 29112956


  38. Trapecar M, Khan S, Roan NR, Chen TH, Telwatte S, Deswal M, Pao M, Somsouk M, Deeks SG, Hunt PW, Yukl S, Sanjabi S. An Optimized and Validated Method for Isolation and Characterization of Lymphocytes from HIV+ Human Gut Biopsies. Volume 33 of Issue S1. 2017. PMID: 28882052


  39. Khan S, Telwatte S, Trapecar M, Yukl S, Sanjabi S. Differentiating Immune Cell Targets in Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue for HIV Cure. Volume 33 of Issue S1. 2017. PMID: 28882067


  40. Cockerham LR, Yukl SA, Harvill K, Somsouk M, Joshi SK, Sinclair E, Liegler T, Hoh R, Lyons S, Hunt PW, Rupert A, Sereti I, Morcock DR, Rhodes A, Emson C, Hellerstein MK, Estes JD, Lewin S, Deeks SG, Hatano H. A Randomized Controlled Trial of Lisinopril to Decrease Lymphoid Fibrosis in Antiretroviral-Treated, HIV-infected Individuals. Volume 2 of Issue 3. 2017. PMID: 28936485


  41. Koelsch KK, Rasmussen TA, Hey-Nguyen WJ, Pearson C, Xu Y, Bailey M, Marks KH, Sasson SC, Taylor MS, Tantau R, Obeid S, Milner B, Morrissey O, Pinto AN, Suzuki K, Busch MP, Keating SM, Kaiser P, Yukl S, Wong JK, Hiener BM, Palmer S, Zaunders J, Post JJ, Chan DJ, Avery S, Milliken ST, Kelleher AD, Lewin SR, Cooper DA. Impact of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation on the HIV Reservoir and Immune Response in 3 HIV-Infected Individuals. Volume 75 of Issue 3. 2017. PMID: 28350553


  42. Sushama Telwatte, Steven A Yukl. Exploring HIV latency using transcription profiling. 2017. PMID:


  43. Kaiser P, Joshi SK, Kim P, Li P, Liu H, Rice AP, Wong JK, Yukl SA. Assays for precise quantification of total (including short) and elongated HIV-1 transcripts. Volume 242. 2016. PMID: 28034670


  44. Lee SA, Bacchetti P, Chomont N, Fromentin R, Lewin SR, O'Doherty U, Palmer S, Richman DD, Siliciano JD, Yukl SA, Deeks SG, Burbelo PD. Anti-HIV Antibody Responses and the HIV Reservoir Size during Antiretroviral Therapy. Volume 11 of Issue 8. 2016. PMID: 27483366


  45. Wong JK, Yukl SA. Tissue reservoirs of HIV. Volume 11 of Issue 4. 2016. PMID: 27259045


  46. Li P, Kaiser P, Lampiris HW, Kim P, Yukl SA, Havlir DV, Greene WC, Wong JK. Stimulating the RIG-I pathway to kill cells in the latent HIV reservoir following viral reactivation. Volume 22 of Issue 7. 2016. PMID: 27294875


  47. Yukl SA, Shergill AK, Girling V, Li Q, Killian M, Epling L, Li P, Kaiser P, Haase A, Havlir DV, McQuaid K, Sinclair E, Wong JK. Site-specific differences in T cell frequencies and phenotypes in the blood and gut of HIV-uninfected and ART-treated HIV+ adults. Volume 10 of Issue 3. 2015. PMID: 25811360


  48. Steven A. Yukl, Joseph K. Wong. Anatomic Compartments as a Barrier to HIV Cure. 2015. PMID:


  49. Cockerham LR, Siliciano JD, Sinclair E, O'Doherty U, Palmer S, Yukl SA, Strain MC, Chomont N, Hecht FM, Siliciano RF, Richman DD, Deeks SG. CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation are associated with HIV DNA in resting CD4+ T cells. Volume 9 of Issue 10. 2014. PMID: 25340755


  50. Li P, Fujimoto K, Bourguingnon L, Yukl S, Deeks S, Wong JK. Exogenous and endogenous hyaluronic acid reduces HIV infection of CD4(+) T cells. Volume 92 of Issue 9. 2014. PMID: 24957217


  51. Wang C, Abdel-Mohsen M, Strain MC, Lada SM, Yukl S, Cockerham LR, Pilcher CD, Hecht FM, Sinclair E, Liegler T, Richman DD, Deeks SG, Pillai SK. Decreased HIV type 1 transcription in CCR5-?32 heterozygotes during suppressive antiretroviral therapy. Volume 210 of Issue 11. 2014. PMID: 24935955


  52. Yukl SA, Kaiser P, Kim P, Li P, Wong JK. Advantages of using the QIAshredder instead of restriction digestion to prepare DNA for droplet digital PCR. Volume 56 of Issue 4. 2014. PMID: 24724845


  53. Dunham RM, Vujkovic-Cvijin I, Yukl SA, Broadhurst MJ, Loke P, Albright RG, Wong JK, Lederman MM, Somsouk M, Hunt PW, Martin JN, Deeks SG, McCune JM. Discordance between peripheral and colonic markers of inflammation during suppressive ART. Volume 65 of Issue 2. 2014. PMID: 24121758


  54. Yukl SA, Sinclair E, Somsouk M, Hunt PW, Epling L, Killian M, Girling V, Li P, Havlir DV, Deeks SG, Wong JK, Hatano H. A comparison of methods for measuring rectal HIV levels suggests that HIV DNA resides in cells other than CD4+ T cells, including myeloid cells. Volume 28 of Issue 3. 2014. PMID: 24322272


  55. Hatano H, Yukl SA, Ferre AL, Graf EH, Somsouk M, Sinclair E, Abdel-Mohsen M, Liegler T, Harvill K, Hoh R, Palmer S, Bacchetti P, Hunt PW, Martin JN, McCune JM, Tracy RP, Busch MP, O'Doherty U, Shacklett BL, Wong JK, Deeks SG. Prospective antiretroviral treatment of asymptomatic, HIV-1 infected controllers. Volume 9 of Issue 10. 2013. PMID: 24130489


  56. Hatano H, Somsouk M, Sinclair E, Harvill K, Gilman L, Cohen M, Hoh R, Hunt PW, Martin JN, Wong JK, Deeks SG, Yukl SA. Comparison of HIV DNA and RNA in gut-associated lymphoid tissue of HIV-infected controllers and noncontrollers. Volume 27 of Issue 14. 2013. PMID: 24157906


  57. Yukl SA, Shergill AK, Ho T, Killian M, Girling V, Epling L, Li P, Wong LK, Crouch P, Deeks SG, Havlir DV, McQuaid K, Sinclair E, Wong JK. The distribution of HIV DNA and RNA in cell subsets differs in gut and blood of HIV-positive patients on ART: implications for viral persistence. Volume 208 of Issue 8. 2013. PMID: 23852128


  58. Yukl SA, Boritz E, Busch M, Bentsen C, Chun TW, Douek D, Eisele E, Haase A, Ho YC, Hütter G, Justement JS, Keating S, Lee TH, Li P, Murray D, Palmer S, Pilcher C, Pillai S, Price RW, Rothenberger M, Schacker T, Siliciano J, Siliciano R, Sinclair E, Strain M, Wong J, Richman D, Deeks SG. Challenges in detecting HIV persistence during potentially curative interventions: a study of the Berlin patient. Volume 9 of Issue 5. 2013. PMID: 23671416


  59. Eriksson S, Graf EH, Dahl V, Strain MC, Yukl SA, Lysenko ES, Bosch RJ, Lai J, Chioma S, Emad F, Abdel-Mohsen M, Hoh R, Hecht F, Hunt P, Somsouk M, Wong J, Johnston R, Siliciano RF, Richman DD, O'Doherty U, Palmer S, Deeks SG, Siliciano JD. Comparative analysis of measures of viral reservoirs in HIV-1 eradication studies. Volume 9 of Issue 2. 2013. PMID: 23459007


  60. Pillai SK, Abdel-Mohsen M, Guatelli J, Skasko M, Monto A, Fujimoto K, Yukl S, Greene WC, Kovari H, Rauch A, Fellay J, Battegay M, Hirschel B, Witteck A, Bernasconi E, Ledergerber B, Günthard HF, Wong JK. Role of retroviral restriction factors in the interferon-a-mediated suppression of HIV-1 in vivo. Volume 109 of Issue 8. 2012. PMID: 22315404


  61. Yukl SA, Li P, Fujimoto K, Lampiris H, Lu CM, Hare CB, Deeks SG, Liegler T, Pandori M, Havlir DV, Wong JK. Modification of the Abbott RealTime assay for detection of HIV-1 plasma RNA viral loads less than one copy per milliliter. Volume 175 of Issue 2. 2011. PMID: 21536073


  63. Yukl SA, Shergill AK, McQuaid K, Gianella S, Lampiris H, Hare CB, Pandori M, Sinclair E, Günthard HF, Fischer M, Wong JK, Havlir DV. Effect of raltegravir-containing intensification on HIV burden and T-cell activation in multiple gut sites of HIV-positive adults on suppressive antiretroviral therapy. Volume 24 of Issue 16. 2010. PMID: 20827162


  64. Yukl SA, Gianella S, Sinclair E, Epling L, Li Q, Duan L, Choi AL, Girling V, Ho T, Li P, Fujimoto K, Lampiris H, Hare CB, Pandori M, Haase AT, Günthard HF, Fischer M, Shergill AK, McQuaid K, Havlir DV, Wong JK. Differences in HIV burden and immune activation within the gut of HIV-positive patients receiving suppressive antiretroviral therapy. Volume 202 of Issue 10. 2010. PMID: 20939732


  65. Li P, Ruel T, Fujimoto K, Hatano H, Yukl S, Eller LA, Liegler T, Kamya M, Gassasira A, Dorsey G, Rosenthal PJ, Havlir DV, Wong JK. Novel application of Locked Nucleic Acid chemistry for a Taqman assay for measuring diverse human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtypes. Volume 170 of Issue 1-2. 2010. PMID: 20863855


  66. Yukl S, Pillai S, Li P, Chang K, Pasutti W, Ahlgren C, Havlir D, Strain M, Günthard H, Richman D, Rice AP, Daar E, Little S, Wong JK. Latently-infected CD4+ T cells are enriched for HIV-1 Tat variants with impaired transactivation activity. Volume 387 of Issue 1. 2009. PMID: 19268337


  67. Yukl S, Wong JK. Blood and guts and HIV: preferential HIV persistence in GI mucosa. Volume 197 of Issue 5. 2008. PMID: 18260765


  68. Berrozpe G, Timokhina I, Yukl S, Tajima Y, Ono M, Zelenetz AD, Besmer P. The W(sh), W(57), and Ph Kit expression mutations define tissue-specific control elements located between -23 and -154 kb upstream of Kit. 1999. PMID: 10515869